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The “Miracle of Chile” was a term used by Nobel laureate economist Milton Friedman to describe the reorientation of the Chilean economy in the 1980s and the benefits of the economic policies applied by a large group of Chilean economists who collectively came to be known as the Chicago Boys, having studied at the University of Chicago where Friedman taught. He said the “Chilean economy did very well, but more importantly, in the end the central government, the military junta, was replaced by a democratic society. So the really important thing about the Chilean business is that free markets did work their way in bringing about a free society.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_miltonfriedman.html#10 )〕 The junta to which Friedman refers was a military government that came to power in a 1973 coup d'état, which came to an end in 1990 after a democratic 1988 plebiscite removed Augusto Pinochet from the presidency. In the early 1970s, Chile experienced chronic inflation, reaching highs of 140 percent per annum, under socialist President Salvador Allende, whose government implemented high protectionist barriers, resulting in a lack of foreign-exchange reserves and falling GDP.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Applied Theory: The Reforms in Chile ) (HTML version )〕 The economic reforms implemented by the Chicago Boys had three main objectives: economic liberalization, privatization of state-owned companies, and stabilization of inflation. The first reforms were implemented in three rounds – 1974–83, 1985, and 1990.〔 The reforms were continued and strengthened after 1990 by the post-Pinochet center government of Patricio Aylwin's Christian Democrats.〔Thomas M. Leonard. ''Encyclopedia Of The Developing World.'' Routledge. ISBN 1-57958-388-1 p. 322〕 However, the center-left government of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle also made a commitment to poverty reduction. In 1988, 48% of Chileans lived below the poverty line. By 2000 this had been reduced to 20%. The 1990s center-left governments implemented a 17% increase in the minimum wage, a 210% increase in social spending targeted at the low-income sectors of the population, and across the board tax increases, reversing the Pinochet tax cuts of 1988 and taxing an additional 3% of the country's GDP into government coffers. A 2004 World Bank report attributed 60% of Chile's 1990's poverty reduction to economic growth, and claimed that government programs aimed at poverty alleviation accounted for the rest.〔http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Successes_and_Failures_in_Poverty_Eradication__Chile.pdf〕 Hernán Büchi, Minister of Finance under Pinochet between 1985 and 1989, wrote a book detailing the implementation process of the economic reforms during his tenure. Successive governments have continued these policies. In 2002 Chile signed an association agreement with the European Union (comprising free trade and political and cultural agreements), in 2003, an extensive free trade agreement with the United States, and in 2004 with South Korea, expecting a boom in import and export of local produce and becoming a regional trade-hub. Continuing the coalition’s free-trade strategy, in August 2006 President Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China (signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos), the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007. In 2010, Chile was the first nation in South America to win membership in the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, an organization restricted to the world’s richest countries. Some economists (such as Nobel laureate Amartya Sen) have argued that the experience of Chile in this period indicates a ''failure'' of the economic liberalism posited by thinkers such as Friedman, claiming that there was little net economic growth from 1975 to 1982 (during the so-called “pure Monetarist experiment”). After the catastrophic banking crisis of 1982 the state controlled more of the economy than it had under the previous so-called "socialist" regime, and sustained economic growth only came after the later reforms that privatized the economy, while social indicators remained poor.〔http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7c2a7a48-2030-11db-9913-0000779e2340.html#axzz1qL9FWsgp〕 Pinochet’s dictatorship made the unpopular economic reorientation possible by repressing opposition to it. Rather than a triumph of the free market, the OECD economist Javier Santiso described this reorientation as “combining neo-liberal () sutures and interventionist cures”.〔http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XY0OR_n8MncC&pg=PA101〕 By the time of sustained growth, the Chilean government had “cooled its neo-liberal () ideological fever” and “controlled its exposure to world financial markets and maintained its efficient copper company in public hands”.〔 ==Background== In 1972, Chile’s inflation was at 150%.〔 According to Hernán Büchi, several factors such as expropriations, price controls, and protectionism caused these economic problems. The Central Bank increased the money supply to pay for the increasing deficit. Büchi states that this increase was the primary cause for inflation.〔 United States government documents report an antagonistic foreign economic policy toward the Allende government that was "articulated at the highest levels" during this time.〔 Shortly after Salvador Allende was elected president, but before he assumed office, then-CIA-director Richard Helms met with President Richard Nixon and discussed the situation in Chile. Helms' notes from his September 15, 1970 meeting contain the indication: "Make the economy scream." A week later Ambassador Edward Korry reported telling outgoing Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva, through his Defense Minister, that "not a nut or bolt would be allowed to reach Chile under Allende." By late 1972, the Chilean Ministry of the Economy estimated that almost one-third of the diesel trucks at Chuquicamata Copper Mine, 30 percent of the privately owned city buses, 21 percent of all taxis, and 33 percent of state-owned buses in Chile could not operate because of the lack of spare parts or tires. In overall terms, the value of United States machinery and transport equipment exported to Chile by U.S. firms declined from $152.6 million in 1970 to $110 million in 1971.〔 Immediately following the Chilean coup of 1973, Augusto Pinochet was made aware of a confidential economic plan known as ''El ladrillo''〔(''El Ladrillo: Bases de la Política Económica del Gobierno Militar Chileno.'' Santiago de Chile: june 2002, ISBN 956-7015-07-4 )〕 (literally, “the brick”), so called because the report was “as thick as a brick”. The plan had been quietly prepared in May 1973 〔> (VILLAROEL, Gilberto. ''La herencia de los “Chicago boys”''. Santiago do Chile: BBC Mundo.com – América Latina, 10/12/2006. )〕 by economists who opposed Salvador Allende’s government, with the help from a group of economists the press were calling the Chicago Boys, because they were predominantly alumni of the University of Chicago. The document contained the backbone of what would later on become the Chilean economic policy.〔 According to the 1975 report of a United States Senate Intelligence Committee investigation, the Chilean economic plan was prepared in collaboration with the CIA. The plan recommended a set of economic reforms that included deregulation and privatization. Among others reforms, they made the central bank independent, cut tariffs, privatized the state-controlled pension system,〔(RIX, Sara E., Ph.D. ''Chile’s Experience With The Privatization Of Social Security.'' AARP Public Policy Institute, August 1995 )〕 state industries, and banks, and reduced taxes. Pinochet’s stated aim was to “make Chile not a nation of proletarians, but a nation of entrepreneurs”. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miracle of Chile」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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